Drive Test Questions, Answers, Parameter Values and Concepts
Notes Prepared By
Shahzada Arslan Ahmed
+923036677718
Drive
Test Questions, Answers,
Parameter Values and Concepts
Question: What is 1G?
Answer: 1G is analog technology and during 1G wireless phones are
used for voice only (1970 to 1980)
Question: What is 2G?
Answer: Digital Narrow band circuit data (2nd Generation).
During 2G Celia phones are used for data also along with voice (1990 to 2000)
Question: What is 2.5G?
Answer: Packet data (2001 to 2004), in 2.5G internet becomes popular
and phones start supporting web browsing through limited data.
Question: What is 3G?
Answer: 3rd Generation, Digital broadband packet data
(2004 to 2005). 3G has multimedia services support along with streaming are
more popular in 3G and supported video Call + MMS services.
Question: What is LTE?
Answer: Long term Evolution LTE,
marketed as 4G LTE, is a
standard for wireless communication of highspeed data for
mobile phones and data terminals.
It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the
capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network
improvements. The standard is
developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).
LTE, Long Term Evolution, the successor
to UMTS and HSPA is now being deployed and is the way forwards for high speed cellular
services. In its first forms it is a 3G or as some would call it a 3.99G
technology, but with further additions the technology can be migrated to a full
4G standard and here it is known as LTE Advanced.
Question: What is 4G?
Answer: 4th Generation mobile ultra-broadband Internet access,it has two types, Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Question: What is 5G?
Answer: Not yet soon probably in 2020, currently there is no 5G
technology deployed but when this become available it will provide very high
speed to the consumes.
Question: What is the throughput of
different networks?
Answer:
The throughput of different networks are given below
GSM data (2G) = 6
to 9 kbps
GPRS data (2.5G) = up
to 50 kbps
EDGE data (2.75G) = up to 150 kbps
UMTS data (3G) =
up to 384 kbps
HSPA data (3.5G) =
HSDPA 14 Mbps, HSUPA 5.7 Mbps
4G (IMT-Advanced) =
Download 100 Mbps and Upload 50 Mbps
Question: Explain the Flow chart of
wireless system configuration?
Answer: GSM: MS Ã BTSÃ BSCÃ MSC
WCDMA:UEÃ NODE BÃ RNCÃ CN
Question: Define Handover?
Answer: In cellular telecommunications, the term handover or handoff refers to the process of transferring
an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another.
Question: What is soft handover?
Answer: Soft handover occurs between sectors of the different sites
Question: What is softer handover?
Answer: Softer handover occurs between sectors of same site.
Question: What is hard handover?
Answer: The definition of hard handover or hand off the one where an
existing connection must be broken before the established new connection. For
this reason, such handover are also known as “break before make.”
Question: What is inter and intra
handover?
Answer: Handover between the cells of same site is called intra
handover, and the handover between the cells of different site is called inter
handover.
Question: What is inter-RAT handover?
Answer: When UE reaches end of
coverage area of UMTS (3G) services, it can handover to a 2G service like GSM
(if the UE supports multiple RAT i.e smart phones)
Question: Explain the Causes of Handover Failure.
Answer:
1. Missing
Neighbour or neighbor not defined
2. Parameter
for the handover are not good
3. Interference.
Question: Explain and define the ranges of the
following parameters GSM: Rxlev, RxQual
and WCDMA: RSCP, Ec/io.
Answer
·
GSM
:RxLev: Received signal level:
-70dbm
to -20 dbm good,
-70 dbm to -80 dbm normal,
-80dbm to -90 dbm acceptable,
Below -90 dbm bad
·
RXQUAL: Received Signal Quality
0
to 4 Good
4
to 6 Normal
Up
6 Bad
·
WCDMA:
RSCP: Received Signal Code power:
- RSCP (Received Signal Code Power): received power on
one code measured on the pilot bits of the primary CPICH. The reference point
for the RSCP is the antenna connector at the mobile station.
-70dbm
to -20 dbm good,
-70 dbm to -80 dbm normal,
-80dbm to -90 dbm acceptable,
Below -90 dbm bad
·
Ec/Io: (Ec/No, Eb/No)Energy of chip/
Interference of other cell
- CPICH Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by
the power density in the band. The Ec/No is identical to RSCP/RSSI. Measurement shall
be performed on the primary CPICH. The reference point for Ec/No is the antenna
connector at the mobile station.
0
to -6 Good
-6
to -10 Normal
-10
to -12 Acceptable
Below
-12 Bad
Question: Introduce the testing for new site
Answer:
1. On
Air or not
2. Sector
swap or not
3. Site
coverage: Inter handover; Intra Handover
4. GPRS,
HSDPA HSUPA testing
5. Video
Call testing 3G,
6. sms,
mms testing.
Question: How to estimate the antenna /feeder Cross
during testing?
Answer: When During test at target cell the service
line connects to other cell then it is called sector swap.When we are standing
in front of sector A we will find the Rx level of Sector B, it means that it’s
a sector swap between Sector A and Sector B
Question: Explain the Causes of Call Drop
Answer:
1. Poor
Coverage: Coverage hole, Dead zone, Isolated Island, Uplink/Downlink unbalance.
Coverage, Overshooting, Signal Attenuation.
2. Interference:
Internal Interference, External interference and the Equipment interference
Strong Downlink/ Up link interference.
Question: Introduce the Softwares Which are used in Drive
Testing and Post Processing/analyzing.
Answer:
1. TEMS
Investigation All versions, TEMS Discovery.
2. Nemo
Out Door All versions, Nemo Analyzer
3. Genex
Probe, Genex Probe Assistant, Actix Analyzer
4. Map
info Professional, Google Earth, Sas Planet
Question:What is C/I and C/A?
Answer: C/I: Carrier-to-interference is the ratio between the signal strength of the current serving cell and the signal strength of
undesired (interfering) signal
components. C/A: Carrier-to-adjacent ratio is defined as the
signal-strength ratio between a serving carrier and an adjacent carrier.
Question:
What is CCI?
Answer:
Co-channel
interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency.
Question: What is SQI?
Answer: Speech Quality Index: SQI Speech Quality Index is a performance metric for voice
quality in GSM and is between 0 and 30.
What is CQI?
Answer: Channel Quality indicator: CQI is the key
indicator for HSDPA downlink channel quality.
Channel quality indicators are messages that are sent on a communication system
(such as a mobile communication system) that provide the remote connection
(e.g. base station) with channel quality information. Channel quality
information may include carrier level received signal strength indication
(RSSI) and bit error rate (BER).
Question: What is BSIC? Why do we need it?
Answer: Base Station Identity Code is a truncated
form of cell identity used on the synchronization channel in the GSM cellular
networks. The BSIC is a 6 bit code, composed of 3-bit Network Color Code (NCC) and
a 3-bit Base Station Color Code (BCC).
Question: What is KPI?
Answer: Key performance indicators.
Question: What is PCI?
Answer: Physical Cell Identity.
Question: What is e-Node-B?
Answer: E-UTRAN Node B, also
known as Evolved Node B, (abbreviated as eNodeB or eNB) is the element in E-UTRA(evolved UMTS(Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System) Terrestrial Radio
Access) of LTE that is the evolution of the element Node B in UTRA of UMTS. It is the hardware that
is connected to the mobile phone network that communicates directly with mobile
handsets (UEs), like a base
transceiver station (BTS)
in GSM networks.
Traditionally, a Node B has minimum functionality, and
is controlled by an RNC (Radio Network
Controller). However, with an eNB,
there is no separate controller element. This simplifies the architecture and
allows lower response times.
Question: What is AMR?
Answer: Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) is the new speech
codec for GSM and UMTS. There are two different versions of AMR. The basic
version, also called AMR-Narrowband (AMR-NB), which is mainly intended for use
by GSM and AMR-Wideband (AMR-WB), which is mainly intended for use by UMTS.
Wideband AMR uses a speech bandwidth of 50 - 7000 Hz, whereas the bandwidth of
narrowband AMR is 300 - 3400 Hz. This gives wideband AMR a more natural speech
quality.
Question: What is Cell Reselection?
Answer: The cell reselection can be
controlled either autonomously by the mobile or by the network. It is based on
measurements performed by the mobile. The network can order that these
measurements be reported periodically.
Question: Define
Channel in telecom?
Answer: In telecommunications a communication channel, or channel, refers either to a physical transmission
medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio
channel. A channel is used to convey an information signal, for example a
digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to
one or several receivers. A channel has a certain capacity for
transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data
rate in bits per second.
Question: Define control channel and its
types?
Answer: In radio
communication,
a control channel is a
central channel that controls other constituent radios by handling data streams. It is most often used
in the context of a trunked
radio system,
where the control channel sends data which coordinates users in talkgroups.
In GSM networks, Control
Channels can be broadly divided into 3 categories; Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH).
Question: What is BCCH?
Answer: The
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is transmitted by the BTS at all times. The RF
carrier used to transmit the BCCH is referred to as the BCCH carrier. The MS monitors
the information carried on the BCCH periodically (at least every 30 secs), when
it is switched on and not in a call.
The BCCH Consists of:
a.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Carries the following information:
2.
List of neighboring cells that should be monitored by the MS.
3.
List of frequencies used in the cell.
4.
Cell identity.
5.
Power control indicator.
6.
DTX permitted.
7.
Access control (i.e., emergency calls, call barring ... etc.).
8.
CBCH description.
The BCCH is transmitted at constant
power at all times, and all MS that may seek to use it to measure its signal
strength. “Dummy” bursts are transmitted to ensure continuity when there is no
BCCH carrier traffic.
b. Frequency Correction Channel
(FCCH): This is transmitted frequently on the BCCH timeslot and allows the
mobile to synchronize its own frequency to that of the transmitting base site.
The FCCH may only be sent during timeslot 0 on the BCCH carrier frequency and
therefore it acts as a flag to the mobile to identify Timeslot 0.
c. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
The SCH carries the information to enable the MS to synchronize to the TDMA
frame structure and know the timing of the individual timeslots. The following
parameters are sent:
1.
Frame number.
2.
Base Site Identity Code (BSIC).
The MS will monitor BCCH
information from surrounding cells and store the information from the best six
cells. The SCH information on these cells is also stored so that the MS may
quickly resynchronize when it enters a new cell.
Question: What is CCCH?
Answer: The Common
Control Channel (CCCH) is responsible for transferring control information
between all mobiles and the BTS. This is necessary for the implementation of
“call origination” and “call paging” functions. It consists of the following:
a. Random Access Channel (RACH)
Used by the mobile when it requires gaining access to the system. This occurs
when the mobile initiates a call or responds to a page.
b. Paging Channel (PCH) Used by the
BTS to page MS, (paging can be performed by an IMSI, TMSI or IMEI).
c. Access Grant Control Channel
(AGCH) Used by the BTS to assign a dedicated control channel to a MS in
response to an access message received on the Random Access Channel. The MS
will move to the dedicated channel in order to proceed with either a call
setup, response to a paging message, Location Area Update or Short Message
Service.
d. Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH) This
channel is used to transmit messages to be broadcast to all MS’s within a cell.
The CBCH uses a dedicated control channel to send its messages, however it is
considered a common channel because all mobiles in the cell can receive the
messages.
Active MS’s must frequently monitor
both BCCH and CCCH. The CCCH will be transmitted on the RF carrier with the
BCCH.
Question: What is DCCH?
Answer: The DCCH is
a single timeslot on an RF carrier that is used to convey eight Stand-alone
Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH). A single MS for call setup, authentication,
location updating and SMS point to point use a SDCCH. As we will see later,
SDCCH can also be found on a BCCH/CCCH timeslot, this configuration only allows
four SDCCHs.
a. Associated Control Channels (ACCH) These channels can be
associated with either an SDCCH or a TCH. They are used for carrying
information associated with the process being carried out on either the SDCCH
or the TCH.
b. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Conveys power control
and timing information in the downlink direction (towards the MS) and Receive
Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), and link quality reports in the uplink
direction.
c. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) The FACCH is
transmitted instead of a TCH. The FACCH ‘‘steals” the TCH burst and inserts its
own information. The FACCH is used to carry out user authentication, handovers
and immediate assignment.
All of the control channels are required for system operation,
however, in the same way that we allow different users to share the radio
channel by using different timeslots to carry the conversation data, the
control channels share timeslots on the radio channel at different times. This
allows efficient passing of control information without wasting capacity that could
be used for call traffic. To do this we must organize the timeslots between
those, which will be used for traffic, and those, which will carry control
signaling.
Question: What is Modulation?
Answer: In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information
to be transmitted.
What is a modem?
Answer: A device that
performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the
inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator (sometimes detector or demod).
A device that can do both operations is a called
modem (from "modulator–demodulator").
Question:
What is a CPE?
Answer: Customer-premises equipment or customer-provided equipment (CPE) is any terminal and associated
equipment located at a subscriber's premises and connected with a carrier's telecommunication channel.
Question: What types of modulation
schemes are used in LTE?
Answer: LTE
devices use several modulation techniques to modulate data and control information. These modulation
techniques include: QPSK (2 bits per symbol), 16QAM (4 bits per symbol), and 64QAM (6 bits per
symbol). All of these modulation techniques are supported in the downlink direction; and all but 64QAM, which
is optional, are supported in the uplink direction…
A
modulation technique is selected based on the measured signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Each
modulation scheme has a threshold SINR. Subscribers located farther from the eNodeB (i.e. with lower SINR values) use a
more robust modulation scheme (lower throughput), while subscribers closer to
the eNodeB (i.e. with higher SINR values) can use less robust modulation
schemes (higher throughput)
Both the eNodeB and the UE measure signal
quality using the Reference Signals. The Reference Signals carry a known
(pseudo-noise) bit pattern at a boosted power level.
The
eNodeB always controls and selects the modulation and coding scheme for both
the downlink and uplink.
the downlink and uplink.
Question: What is BA list?
Answer: BCCH Allocation List is a list of frequencies supported on the
neighboring cells. It is broadcast on the BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)
giving mobiles the frequencies of the BCCH carriers on neighboring cells.
Question: What is C1 and C2 ?
Answer: C1 is the path loss parameter that is used to determine the
strongest cell for selection. C2 is the parameter used for cell reselection.
Question: Why Do we make “Short Calls”
and “Long Calls” During drive test?
Answer: Short Calls are to check the
accessibility issues (SDCCH/TCH Blocking and SDCCH Drop) and long Calls are to
check for retain ability (TCH Drop) and mobility Issues (HOST).
Question: What do you mean by CEFR and
CSSR?
Answer: Call establishment failure
rate (CEFR), Call setup success rate (CSSR).
Question: What is RSSI?
Answer: Received signal strength indicator, (RSSI) is a measurement of the power present in a received radio signal. The wideband received power within the relevant
channel bandwidth, Measurement shall be performed on downlink carrier. The
reference point for the RSSI is the antenna connector at the mobile station.
Question: What is cell selection? How
does MS select a cell?
Answer: Cell Selection refers to the initial registration that a MS
will make with a network.
Question: What is GPS?
Answer: Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite based
navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by
the U.S.
Question: What is Tems pocket and Nemo
Handy?
Answer: For indoor tests we are
using these softwares.
Question: What is BSC and RNC?
Answer: BSC, Base station Controller
and BTS base transceiver station is for 2G.
RNC, radio Network controller and node B for 3G.
Question: How to measure the
interference?
Answer: There is one device called spectrum analyzer, we can use it
to know the interference in the area.
Question: Which mobile we can use to
drive test?
Answer: sony Ericson SE W995, SE K800i, k970i, z750i,w600,
Nokia 6680, N95,
N70, N80.
Motorola V3XX.
Question: Which device we can use to
measure scanning?
Answer: PCTEL Scaner EX/LX, Rhodes-Schwartz R&S®TSMW.
Question: What is dedicated mode and
idle mode?
Answer: If call is active then it is
called dedicated mode and if call is not active then we call it mobile station
at idle mode.
Question: What is a cluster?
Answer: Group of sites is
called cluster.
Question: How to make cluster routes?
Answer: Through map info we can make cluster routes.
Question: What is MAIO?
Answer: A mobile allocation index
offset (MAIO) refers a time delay separating traffic channels. When a
GSM(Global system for mobile communication) mobile phone is served be a cell
that is hopping over a set of frequencies, the separate traffic channels hop
over the allocated frequencies according to a hopping sequence number (HSN).
Question: What is Active set?
Answer: Defined as the set of node-Bs the UE is simultaneously
connected to (i.e., the UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the
UE constitute the active set)
Question: What is monitored set?
Answer: Which are not included in the active set, but are included in
the Cell_info_list Belong to the monitored set.
Question:What is Detected set?
Answer: Cells detected by the UE,
which are neither in the Cell_info_list nor in the active set belong to the
detected set. Reporting to the measurements of the detects set is only
applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state
Question: Define Duplex Communication
and Differentiate between TDD and FDD?
Answer: Duplexing is the process of achieving two-way
communications over a communications channel. It takes two forms: half duplex
and full duplex
In half
duplex, the two communicating parties take turns transmitting over a shared
channel. Two-way radios work this way. As one party talks, the other listens.
Speaking parties often say “Over” to indicate that they’re finished and it’s
time for the other party to speak. In networking, a single cable is shared as
the two computers communicating take turns sending and receiving data.
Full duplex
refers to simultaneous two-way communications. The two communicating stations
can send and receive at the same time. Landline telephones and cell phones work
this way. Some forms of networking permit simultaneous transmit and receive
operations to occur. This is the more desirable form of duplexing, but it is
more complex and expensive than half duplexing. There are two basic forms of
full duplexing: frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD).
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
FDD requires two separate
communications channels. Wireless systems need two separate frequency bands or
channels. A sufficient amount of guard
band separates the two bands so the transmitter and receiver don’t interfere
with one another. Good filtering or duplexers and possibly shielding are a must
to ensure the transmitter does not desensitize the adjacent receiver.
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TDD uses a single frequency band for
both transmit and receive. Then it shares that band by assigning alternating
time slots to transmit and receive operations.
The information to be transmitted—whether it’s voice, video, or computer
data—is in serial binary format. Each time slot may be 1 byte long or could be
a frame of multiple bytes.
Application Examples
Most cell-phone systems use FDD. The
newer LTE and 4G systems use FDD. Cable TV systems are fully FDD.
Most wireless data transmissions are
TDD. WiMAX and Wi-Fi use TDD. So does Bluetooth when piconets are deployed.
ZigBee is TDD. Most digital cordless telephones use TDD. Because of the
spectrum shortage and expense, TDD is also being adopted in some cellular
systems, such as China’s TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE systems. Other TD-LTE cellular
systems are expected to be deployed where spectrum shortages occur.
Question: Define Interference?
Answer: Interference is
anything which alters, modifies, or disrupts a signal as it travels along a channel between a source and a receiver. The term typically refers to the
addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal. Common examples are:
·
Inter-carrier interference (ICI), caused by doppler shift in OFDM modulation (multitone modulation).
Queation: What is BER?
Answer: In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due
to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.
The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of
transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance
measure, often expressed as a percentage.
Question: Define tilt and its types?
Answer: Antenna
gain of base station for a specific user depends on antenna pattern, antenna orientation
(azimuth and tilt) and user's coordinates with respect to base station.
·
Electrical tilt
Shaping of radiation pattern
in the vertical plane of antenna by electrical means so that maximum radiation
occurs at the angles below the horizontal plane
·
Mechanical tilt
Vertical tilt of the
mechanical axis of antenna is called mechanical tilt.
Question: What is CSFB?
Answer: Circuit Switched Fall back
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